The Relationship Between Police Stops, Perceptions Of Bias

suggest
more likely to experience multiple police stops and searches. However, perceptions of bias may also contribute to how black people interpret their future encounters with the police. Thus, while white people usually view the police stops they experience as legitimate
blacks may question the motives of the police and treat such encounters with great suspicion. Furthermore, black distrust of the police could impact their demeanour during police encounters. A negative demeanour towards the police could lead to less respectful treatment by the police. Such poor treatment, in turn, could further reinforce black perceptions of police bias (see Engel et al . 2010). In other words, the†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, due to Canada ’ s ban on race-crime statistics, survey results have not yet been supplemented with official data. What are the major implications of these findings? First of all, logic dictates that there is a direct relationship between how closely people are monitored by the police and how likely they are to get caught for breaking the law. In other words, if black people are systematically stopped and searched more frequently than others, they are also more likely to be to be detected and arrested for illegal activity than people from other racial backgrounds who engage in exactly the same behaviour . Thus, consistent with the major principles of conflict criminology, racial differences in police stop and search activities directly contribute to the over-representation of black people in the Canadian criminal justice system (Wortley and Owusu-Bempah 2011). Police stop and search experiences can also undermine the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Indeed, a number of studies have now confirmed that people who are frequently stopped and searched by the police have less trust in the justice system and are more likely to view criminal justice institutions as biased (see review in Wortley and Owusu-Bempah 2009, Bowling this volume). Importantly, additional research suggests that people with a poor

Capital Punishment Essay Hypocrisy of the Death Penalty

The Hypocrisy of the Death Penalty If there is a desire by the American people to maintain the death penalty, let us at least be spared the hypocrisy of a justification by example. The death penalty is a penalty, to be sure, a frightful torture, both physical and moral, but it provides no sure example except a demoralizing one. It punishes, but it forestalls nothing; indeed, it may even arouse the impulse to murder. It hardly seems to exist, except for the man who suffers it-- in his soul for months and years, in his body during the desperate and violent hour when he is cut in two without suppressing his life. Let us call it by the name which, for lack of any other nobility, will at least give the nobility of truth, and let us†¦show more content†¦Retaliation is related to nature and instinct, not to law. Law, by definition, cannot obey the same rules as nature. If murder is in the nature of man, the law is not intended to imitate or reproduce that nature. It is intended to correct it. Now retaliation does n o more than ratify and confer the status of a law on a pure impulse of nature. We have all known that impulse, often to our shame, and we know its power, for it comes down to us from the primitive forests, In this regard, we French, who are properly indignant upon seeing the oil king in Saudi Arabia preach international democracy and call in a butcher to cut off a theifs hand with a cleaver, live also in a sort of Middle Ages without even the consolations of faith. We still define justice according to therules of a crude arithmetic. *Can it be said at least that the arithmetic is exact and that justice, even when elementary, even when limited to legal revenge, is safeguarded by the death penalty? The answer must be no. Let us leave aside the fact that the law of retaliation is inapplicable and that it would seem just as excessive to punish the incendiary by setting fire to his house as it would be insufficient to punish the thief by deducting from his bank account a sum equal to his theft. Let us admit that it is just and necessary to compensate for the murder of the victim by the death of the murderer. But beheading is not simply death. It is just as different, in essence, from theShow MoreRelatedAn Eye for an Eye: The Death Penalty1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe death penalty has been present, in one way or another, for virtually as long as human civilization has existed. The reasons why are apparent; it is intrinsically logical to human beings that a person who takes the life of another should also be killed. This philosophy is exemplified in the famous Biblical passage, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. However, in light of recent research into ethics, criminology and the justice syste m, the time has come for us to re-examine our agelessRead MoreThe Stranger - Meursaults Trial Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pagestrial and persecution of Meursault to express his belief that the justice system is flawed because of his absurdist ideals that truth does not exist, and human life is precious. In order to reform the justice system, Albert Camus believes that capital punishment needs to be abolished. The trial portrays the absurdist ideal that absolute truth does not exist. This ideal destroys the very purpose of the trial, which seeks to place a rational explanation on Meursault’s senseless killing of the Arab. HoweverRead MoreCalculus Oaper13589 Words   |  55 Pageshttp://www.terry.uga.edu/~dawndba/4500compulsoryhet.htm Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence †¨ Adrienne Rich    Adrienne Rich s essay constitutes a powerful challenge to some of our least examined sexual assumptions. 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They included market share (assuming that the higher the market share of a firm, the higher its profitability); firm capital intensity (assuming that the more a firm is automated and up-to-date in technology and equipment, the more profitable it is); size of the firm in assets (assuming that economies of scale and efficiency can be used in large firms to increase profitability);Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesoperate. Source: Henning Kaiser/Getty Images In the global economy, jobs tend to shift from developed nations to countries where lower labor costs give firms a comparative advantage. In this photo, an employee wearing a sign on his head reading â€Å"Capital Interests† joins co-workers at a Nokia factory in Germany to protest the company’s decision of terminating mobile phone production at the plant, resulting in the loss of 2,300 jobs. Nokia announced plans to shift production from Germany to Romania

Mixture Lab Write Up Free Essays

| Separation of a Salt, Sand, and Water Mixture| Jamie Schurz and Austin Hoggard| | Date experiment was performed: September 6 and September 7| | | Introduction Purpose: The purpose of the experiment was to use various lab equipment and lab techniques to separate a mixture of salt, sand, and water. Background: An element is the simplest form of a substance that retains the properties of that substance. A compound is a substance formed by combining two or more elements set in fixed proportions. We will write a custom essay sample on Mixture Lab Write Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now A mixture is a system of two or more distinct chemical substances. Unlike compounds, mixtures can be physically combined. Because the components are physically combined, they can also be separated using physical properties. Physical properties are properties that do not change the chemical nature of matter. In this lab, a mixture of salt and sand will be separated using the listed equipment and separation techniques. Hypothesis: If a mixture of sand (3. 3g), salt (1. 2g), and water is separated using filtration and boiling point, then most of the sand and salt will be recovered. Safety Information: During the experiment, appropriate safety wear should be worn at all times such as: goggles and an apron (to prevent salt or hot water from entering the eye). Beaker tongs should be used to remove the heater beaker from the appropriate heating fixture and then it should be carefully transported onto the designated pressed fiber pad to cool. Materials and Methods * * Graduated cylinder * Small beaker (100 mL) * Large beaker (600 mL) * Hot plate * Small ring * Funnel * Filter paper * Glass stir rod with rubber policeman * Hot mitts * Beaker tongs * Pressed fiber pad * Weigh boat * Electronic balance * Scoops * Salt and sand sample * water Experimental Procedure 1. Put on appropriate safety wear. 2. Begin this experiment with 47 mL of water, 1. 2 g of salt, and 3. g of sand. * Use the 100 graduated cylinder to find the 47 mL of water, reading from the meniscus. * Put the weigh boat onto the electronic balance and zero it out, then slowly add the salt until you have 1. 2 grams of it. Do the same for the sand. * Also mass the larger of the two beakers 3. Combine the 1. 2g of salt and 47 mL of water into the 100 mL beaker and stir until the salt is dissolved 4. Add the sand and wait until it settles onto the bottom of the beaker. 5. Mass the filter paper and then fold it into a small cone. Wet sides before placing into funnel that is inside a ring stand. Place larger beaker underneath funnel. 6. Slowly pour sand and salt mixture through filter paper. Let the sand dry. 7. Take large beaker with salt and water and place on top of a hot plate. Set hot plate onto its highest setting and let boil. 8. Once salt starts popping lower temperature on hot plate. When most of the water has evaporated remove from hot plate using beaker tongs and let rest on pressed fiber pad. 9. Turn hot plate off. 10. Mass out recovered sand and salt. Results Raw Data: object| Mass (g)| starting mass of salt| 1. 2g| Starting mass of sand| 3. 3g| Dry filter paper| 0. 7g| Larger of the 2 beakers| 103. 1g| Total mass of beaker/salt (after)| 105. 3g| Mass of recovered salt| 2. 2g| Total mass of filter paper/sand (after)| 4. 1g| Mass of recovered sand| 3. 4g| Important results: * The mass of recovered salt was 2. 2g * The mass of recovered sand was 3. 4g * The percent error for the mass of recovered salt was 83% error * The percent error for the mass of the recovered sand was 3% * The percent yield for the mass of the recovered salt was 183% * The percent yield for the mass of the recovered sand was 103% Calculations: Discussion Expected results v. Actual results: In the experiment, the mass of the salt recovered was larger than the mass of the amount of salt that was started out with. This may be due to the tap water that was used not being pure or that some sand was small enough to not be filtered out. Analyze experimental error: During the experiment, instead of measuring the water out to exactly 47mL, around 60 mL of water was used. This could have caused there to be extra water during the final measurement. There was not enough time to boil off the extra water; this was done by another person later without either partner in the group supervising. Also, when looking for the sand sample the next day, it was missing; so another group’s sand data was massed instead Improvements: Having a longer time to conduct the experiment might have changed the data. Instead of leaving the sand sample in the open on a table to all classes, it may have been better for them to be separated more. Results in terms of the purpose: The goal was to get most of the salt and sand back through filtration and evaporation. Most of the sand was recovered; however there was a great deal of added mass to the salt (around 1g). The goal was met as far as data is concerned. Conclusion: The goal of the experiment was to see if using boing point and filtration could recover close to the same amount of salt and sand put together in a mixture. The experiment revealed a percent yield of 183% for salt and 103% for sand, which does support the hypothesis that using those two techniques, about the same amount of salt and sand would be recovered. How to cite Mixture Lab Write Up, Essay examples

Diversity in Changing Organizational Context †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Diversity in Changing Organizational Context. Answer: Introduction: Patient safety can be defined as the maintenance of the procedure by which hospitals as well as other healthcare centers protect the lives of their patients from errors, accidents, injuries, infections and others. Some of the important activities that accounts for patient safety are the delivery of proper service by the healthcare professionals, proper management of the administrative body of the centers, right amount of resource allocation by the boards of directors and the account system and others (Ammouri et al., 2015). The activities of the healthcare professionals also play a very vital role. Researchers over the decades have stated that proper cultural competency and adequate amount of nursing skills, competency and training ensure patient safety. The following assignment will mainly depict journal articles which will help to prove the claim made and thereby help to decrease the chances of patient harm in hospitals and increasing patient safety. Self-assessment of cultural competency Study 1- (A mixed method study of nurses self assessment of cultural competency)- The research by Alpers Hanssen, (2014) aimed to investigate how nurse assessed their culturally competency to deal with patients from different background. As majority of nurses tend to lack cultural competency, the study findings showed that knowledge about illness and treatment philosophies does not enhance cultural competency in nurses, it is dependent on knowledge of intercultural systems and culturally competent care. Engaging in emotional labor to handle culturally sensitive patient- Study 1: (Dispensing emotions- Norwegian community nurses handling of diversity in organizational context)- The qualitative research by Debesay et al., (2014) utilized the concept of emotional labour to identify whether nurse can handle ethnic minority patients in the context of pressures. The findings gave the indication that language barriers and unfamiliar cultural traditions challenges nurses in dealing with minority patients. The demand for efficiency in professional work and time constraints also affects the nurse ability to deal with minority patients. Hence, organizational changes is required to develop the confidence of nurses in handling culturally sensitive situations. Implementation of cultural competence skills program to handle culturally sensitive patient: Study 1: (The effectiveness of cultural competence program on ethnic minority patient-centered health care- a systematic review)- The systematic review by Renzah et al., (2013) gave the idea that effect of patient-centered care model on improving cultural competence in health care staffs. It was found to have positive effects on staffs as the program increased their knowledge about cultural sensitivity. Study 2: (Cultural and language difference as a barrier to provisions of quality care by workforce in Saudi Arabia)- The research by Almutairi, (2015) aimed to identify the challenges in faced by workforce due cultural and language difference in Saudi Arabia. The main findings of the research was that lack of cultural competency, was the main reason for difficulties and cultural shock. Inadequate competency in nursing hampers patient safety Failure in certain competencies like social skills, expertise, experience as well as priority setting: Study 1: According to Kieft et al. (2013), social skills of the nurses are very important in developing a trustful care relationship. Social skills like proper behavior and attitude, composure, allocating proper time for patients, having empathy and listening to patients attentively develop a sense of commitment to patients which help in meeting expectations of patients. In domain of expertise and experience communicative capabilities, technical skills and nursing knowledge are believed to develop expertise and also earn them experience. These will help them to provide state of art interventions or activities. Failure in them will lead the nurses to take wrong treatment plan and will not make them critically analyze the situation. This will hamper patient safety. Moreover nurses who also fail to set their priorities among the various roles and responsibilities that have to maintain every day, also becomes a reason for patient quality deterioration. Lack of proper training of the nurses lead to harm in patient safety Study 1: Often patients admitted to emergency departments require the collaborative activity of a number of health professionals to make a rapid and proper treatment of the patients and thereby help him recover from any sort of adverse situation. However, inadequate teamwork may lead to miscommunication and issue in role clarity o each of the nurses and professionals, which might hamper the patient safety. Therefore, researchers like Klipfel et al. (2014) are of the opinion that effective team based training of nurses in application of care in a collaborative approach is very much necessary in attending the adverse situations. They have suggested that education strategy of in situ simulation training is found to be extremely helpful for building interdisciplinary teamwork as well as nursing staff confidence in managing emergency situations. They have also explained that for the proper implementation of effective tea mwork would require not only team training but also training which is instituted interdependently with proper fair and just culture as well as visible engaged leadership. Inadequate nursing skills lead to hamper in patient safety: Study 1: A research paper was published by researchers Aiken et al. (2016) explaining the importance of nursing skill for marinating patient safety. They had conducted a quantitative study where they have shown that richer nurse skill mix that were composed of mostly nursing professionals with adequate training, expertise and experience was associated mostly with lower rates of mortality, low hospital ratings of patients in their feedback form, lower reports of poorer quality, poor safety grades and poor outcomes. On the other hand poor nurse skill mix which complained mainly of low paid untrained nursing associates and healthcare staffs who had low knowledge, expertise, training and experience were related to high mortality rates in preventable deaths and poor ratings in quality care, low quality and patient harm. Therefore this study proves that nurses should undergo professional development and completing of their trainin g procedures for being fully skilled and hospitals hold appoint nurses with proper degrees and do not settle with nursing individuals with low or incomplete qualification to meet their resource restraints as that might harm lives of patients. Conclusion: The review of literature on the theme of culturally sensitive care and impact of low competencies on patient safety gave many important implications for nursing practice development. The key strength of the study is that it informs about the skills and knowledge that is necessary for nurse to handle culturally sensitive patients and enhance their safety. The element of regular self-assessment for cultural competency, implementation of competence skills training and providing emotional labors was found as a factor to satisfy patient and enhance patient safety. However, there are certain limitations of the literature review too. For instance Almutairi, (2015) did not covered all communications barriers that affect patient safety and delivery of culturally sensitive care. In some studies, the generalization of findings became difficult because of low sample size and difference between years of experience and competency level of nursing staffs. Hence, year of experience can significantly affect the outcome of research and considering this factor was important. Therefore, to develop the clinical skills of nurse in providing quality care, more studies is needed to investigate improvements needed in nursing education as well as training needs during clinical practice. Reference Almutairi, K. M. (2015). Culture and language differences as a barrier to provision of quality care by the health workforce in Saudi Arabia.Saudi medical journal,36(4), 425. Alpers, L. M., Hanssen, I. (2014). Caring for ethnic minority patients: A mixed method study of nurses' self-assessment of cultural competency.Nurse education today,34(6), 999-1004. Ammouri, A. A., Tailakh, A. K., Muliira, J. K., Geethakrishnan, R., Al Kindi, S. N. (2015). Patient safety culture among nurses.International nursing review,62(1), 102-110. Debesay, J., Harslf, I., Rechel, B., Vike, H. (2014). Dispensing emotions: Norwegian community nurses' handling of diversity in a changing organizational context.Social science medicine,119, 74-80. Griffiths, P., Ball, J., Drennan, J., James, L., Jones, J., Recio, A., Simon, M. (2014). The association between patient safety outcomes and nurse/healthcare assistant skill mix and staffing levels and factors that may influence staffing requirements. Kieft, R. A., de Brouwer, B. B., Francke, A. L., Delnoij, D. M. (2014). How nurses and their work environment affect patient experiences of the quality of care: a qualitative study.BMC health services research,14(1), 249. Klipfel, J. M., Carolan, B. J., Brytowski, N., Mitchell, C. A., Gettman, M. T., Jacobson, T. M. (2014). Patient safety improvement through in situ simulation interdisciplinary team training.Urologic nursing,34(1), 39. Renzaho, A. M. N., Romios, P., Crock, C., Snderlund, A. L. (2013). The effectiveness of cultural competence programs in ethnic minority patient-centered health carea systematic review of the literature.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,25(3), 261-269.